Commonly, the hazard levels are evaluated by the parameters of gamma radiation hazard index, internal and external hazard index, absorbed gamma dose rate, annual effective dose in indoor and outdoor, and excess lifetime cancer risk. ... In this paper, a radiological characterization of phosphogypsum, phosphoric acid and phosphate fertilizers ...
Phosphogypsum, a by-product of phosphate fertilizer production, is produced in large quantities worldwide. ... Berish, C.W. (1990) Potential Environmental Hazards of Phosphogypsum Storage in Central Florida. In Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Phosphogypsum. Miami, Florida, U.S.A.: Florida Institute of Phosphate Research ...
phosphogypsum samples have been crushed, and pulverized to a ne powder with particles< 50–100 μ m, then dried for 24 h at 105 °C, nally they were cooled and stored in a
The concentrations of 238U, 226Ra, 232Th and 40K maintained in phosphate rock (PR), phosphoric acid (PA) and phosphogypsum (PG) samples and its possible radiation hazards, have been measured. The radionuclides in phosphate rock have been redistributed unsymmetrically between phosphoric acid and phosphogypsum during the production process. …
Phosphogypsum (PG) is an industrial waste produced during the manufacture of phosphoric acid. In this study, dihydrate phosphogypsum (DPG), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS), fly ash (FA), Portland cement clinker (PCC), sulfate alumina cement clinker (SACC), water reducer, sand, and stone were combined to create a phosphogypsum-based …
The environmental hazards of its high concentration PG-L are far higher than those of chemical wastewater (Jia et al., 2021). Compared to PG, the treatment of PG leachate is …
The concentrations of 238U, 226Ra, 232Th and 40K maintained in phosphate rock (PR), phosphoric acid (PA) and phosphogypsum (PG) samples and its possible radiation hazards, have been measured.
Phosphogypsum (PG), the main industrial by-product of phosphate fertilizer industry, primarily consists of calcium sulfate dihydrate. However, it contains various impurities with variable quantities depending on the origin of the phosphate rock.These impurities can restrict the reuse of phosphogypsum as a secondary primary resource.
sible radiation hazards further deters the wide spread acceptance and utilization of phosphogypsum in building materials and cements. Present attempts to develop beneficial uses of phosphogypsum can be summarized as follows: 1. As a cement retarder <1>, 2. As a sulfur source through desulfurization (!Q), 3.
Phosphogypsum stacks, byproducts of phosphate fertilizer production, have garnered attention due to their environmental and health implications. These mounds are …
Gypsum based by-products of phosphate fertilizer production, termed phosphogypsum (PG), are stockpiled at numerous locations worldwide. Although dominated by gypsum, PG contains accessory minerals, trace elements, and radionuclides. This study was conducted to characterize the composition and pore water chemistry of PG samples from a plant site in southern Alberta, …
Phosphogypsum (PG: CaSO4·2H2O) is a waste product (or by-product) from the production of phosphoric acid, the main component in the production of concentrated simple and complex fertilizers.
of phosphogypsum in waste heaps poses an environmental hazard, even if the facility is operated correctly. The problem of the utilization and storage of phosphogypsum is
Phosphogypsum as a thermal energy storage material for low temperature applications Anagnostopoulos et al. [120] aimed to convert PG into an energy commodity and perhaps utilize it in a waste heat ...
Phosphogypsum is transported in pipes as slurry and is very watery when it is first put on the stack. As the phosphogypsum dries out, a crust forms on the stack. The crust thickens over time, reducing the amount of radon that can …
There are currently four methods for the disposal of PG: 1) Dumping into oceans; 2) storage into the mines where the phosphate-bearing rock was extracted from; 3) wet storage, …
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Storage of phosphogypsum in waste heaps poses an environmental hazard, even if the facility is operated correctly. The problem of the utilization and storage of …
Phosphogypsum (PG) is an industrial waste of the phosphate industry (Cánovas et al., 2018). It is produced during the digestion of phosphate rock with sulfuric acid, the so-called "wet method", that generates phosphoric acid and phosphogypsum. The derived phosphoric acid is then used to produce phosphorous fertilizers (Saadaoui et al., 2017).
2 Phosphogypsum Generation and Storage Processes . 2.1 Phosphogypsum Generation Processes . The wet and dry process are the two main commercial processes used to produce phosphoric acid from natural phosphate. The dry process consists of a thermal reduc- tion of rock phosphate at 2000 °C using an electrical furnace in the presence of coke ...
Phosphogypsum can only be released for use after it is demonstrated to be safe pursuant to EPA regulations at 40 CFR §61.204, Distribution and use of phosphogypsum for outdoor …
Phosphogypsum Section 2. Hazard identification Classification of the Not classified. substance or mixture: Signal word :No signal word. ... Response :Not applicable. Storage :Not applicable. Disposal :Not applicable. Other hazards which do not result in classification:Handling and/or processing of this material may generate a dust which can cause
An environmental impact of the radiological hazard of phosphogypsum (industrial byproduct) was assessed by researchers (Narloch et al., 2019; Qamouche et al., 2020). Due to the higher ...
Phosphogypsum (PG) is a byproduct of the wet phosphoric acid process, with calcium sulfate as its primary component. Approximately 4.5–5.0 t of PG are generated per ton of phosphoric acid produced (Li & Gu, 2016).Globally, the cumulative stockpiles of PG have reached 6 billion t, with an annual increase of 200 million t (Ou et al., 2021).By the end of 2020, PG …
Various methods of managing phosphogypsum include storage in heaps or discharge into the sea or rivers, leading to environmental concerns such as the movement of fluoride, sulfate, and radionuclides. ... Table 7 displays the results of the radiation hazard indices assessed in a phosphogypsum sample. Table 7 Radiation hazards indices values of ...
Aerobic microorganisms able to grow on phosphogypsum (PG), characterized by heavy metals accumulation and high acidity were investigated by enrichment cultures. ... Phosphogypsum biotransformation by aerobic bacterial flora and isolated Trichoderma asperellum from Tunisian storage piles J Hazard Mater. 2016 May 5;308:362-73. doi: 10.1016/j ...
To date, the problem of recycling and disposal of several chemical wastes, including phosphogypsum, remains unresolved. The annual world volume of its formation is 100–280 million tons [2].As a result, dumps up to 15 m high were formed in places of phosphogypsum storage.Phosphogypsum belongs to hazard class IV (low-hazard), which indicates the …
Phosphogypsum is stored in piles stacked hundreds of acres wide and hundreds of feet tall. More than 1 billion tons are already stored in 25 stacks in Florida. Phosphogypsum also threat-ens …